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Java“for”语句实现可防止垃圾回收

2019-10-01 02:02:12  阅读:162  来源: 互联网

标签:java for-loop garbage-collection memory-management iterator


UPD 21.11.2017:错误在JDK中修复,见comment from Vicente Romero

摘要:

如果for语句用于任何Iterable实现,则集合将保留在堆内存中,直到当前作用域(方法,语句体)结束,即使您没有对集合的任何其他引用,也不会进行垃圾回收.应用程序需要分配新内存.

http://bugs.java.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=JDK-8175883

https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8175883

这个例子:

如果我有下一个代码,它分配一个包含随机内容的大字符串列表:

import java.util.ArrayList;
public class IteratorAndGc {

    // number of strings and the size of every string
    static final int N = 7500;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.gc();

        gcInMethod();

        System.gc();
        showMemoryUsage("GC after the method body");

        ArrayList<String> strings2 = generateLargeStringsArray(N);
        showMemoryUsage("Third allocation outside the method is always successful");
    }

    // main testable method
    public static void gcInMethod() {

        showMemoryUsage("Before first memory allocating");
        ArrayList<String> strings = generateLargeStringsArray(N);
        showMemoryUsage("After first memory allocation");


        // this is only one difference - after the iterator created, memory won't be collected till end of this function
        for (String string : strings);
        showMemoryUsage("After iteration");

        strings = null; // discard the reference to the array

        // one says this doesn't guarantee garbage collection,
        // Oracle says "the Java Virtual Machine has made a best effort to reclaim space from all discarded objects".
        // but no matter - the program behavior remains the same with or without this line. You may skip it and test.
        System.gc();

        showMemoryUsage("After force GC in the method body");

        try {
            System.out.println("Try to allocate memory in the method body again:");
            ArrayList<String> strings2 = generateLargeStringsArray(N);
            showMemoryUsage("After secondary memory allocation");
        } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
            showMemoryUsage("!!!! Out of memory error !!!!");
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    // function to allocate and return a reference to a lot of memory
    private static ArrayList<String> generateLargeStringsArray(int N) {
        ArrayList<String> strings = new ArrayList<>(N);
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(N);
            for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
                sb.append((char)Math.round(Math.random() * 0xFFFF));
            }
            strings.add(sb.toString());
        }

        return strings;
    }

    // helper method to display current memory status
    public static void showMemoryUsage(String action) {
        long free = Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
        long total = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory();
        long max = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();
        long used = total - free;
        System.out.printf("\t%40s: %10dk of max %10dk%n", action, used / 1024, max / 1024);
    }
}

用有限的内存编译和运行它,像这样(180mb):

javac IteratorAndGc.java   &&   java -Xms180m -Xmx180m IteratorAndGc

在运行时我有:

Before first memory allocating: 1251k of max 176640k

After first memory allocation: 131426k of max 176640k

After iteration: 131426k of max 176640k

After force GC in the method body: 110682k of max 176640k (almost nothing collected)

Try to allocate memory in the method body again:

06002

GC after the method body: 459k of max 176640k (the garbage is collected!)

Third allocation outside the method is always successful: 117740k of max 163840k

所以,在gcInMethod()里面我尝试分配列表,迭代它,丢弃对列表的引用,(可选)强制垃圾收集并再次分配类似的列表.但由于内存不足,我无法分配第二个数组.

同时,在函数体之外我可以成功强制垃圾收集(可选)并再次分配相同的数组大小!

为了避免在函数体内部出现这种OutOfMemoryError,只需删除/注释这一行:

for(String string:strings); < - 这是邪恶的! 然后输出如下:

Before first memory allocating: 1251k of max 176640k

After first memory allocation: 131409k of max 176640k

After iteration: 131409k of max 176640k

After force GC in the method body: 497k of max 176640k (the garbage is collected!)

Try to allocate memory in the method body again:

After secondary memory allocation: 115541k of max 163840k

GC after the method body: 493k of max 163840k (the garbage is collected!)

Third allocation outside the method is always successful: 121300k of max 163840k

因此,在不丢弃对字符串的引用之后迭代成功收集的垃圾,并且第二次分配(在函数体内)并分配第三次(在方法之外).

我的假设:

用于编译语法构造

Iterator iter = strings.iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()){
    iter.next()
}

(我检查了这个反编译的javap -c IteratorAndGc.class)

并且看起来像这样的iter引用保持在范围直到结束.您无权访问该引用以使其无效,并且GC无法执行该集合.

也许这是正常的行为(甚至可能在javac中指定,但我还没有找到),但恕我直言,如果编译器创建了一些实例,它应该关心在使用后将它们从范围中丢弃.

这就是我期望实现for语句的方式:

Iterator iter = strings.iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()){
    iter.next()
}
iter = null; // <--- flush the water!

使用的java编译器和运行时版本:

javac 1.8.0_111

java version "1.8.0_111"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_111-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.111-b14, mixed mode)

注意:

>问题不在于编程风格,最佳实践,
约定等等,问题是关于Java的效率
平台.
>问题不在于System.gc()行为(您可以删除所有
来自示例的gc调用) – 在第二个字符串分配期间,JVM必须释放被分配的内存.

Reference to the test java class,Online compiler to test(但此资源只有50 Mb的堆,因此使用N = 5000)

解决方法:

感谢错误报告.我们已经修复了这个bug,参见JDK-8175883.正如在增强for的情况下这里评论的那样,javac正在生成合成变量,所以对于像这样的代码:

void foo(String[] data) {
    for (String s : data);
}

javac近似产生:

for (String[] arr$= data, len$= arr$.length, i$= 0; i$< len$; ++i$) {
    String s = arr$[i$];
}

如上所述,这种转换方法意味着合成变量arr $保存对数组数据的引用,该引用阻止GC在方法内部不再引用时收集数组.通过生成此代码修复了此错误:

String[] arr$= data;
String s;
for (int len$= arr$.length, i$= 0; i$< len$; ++i$) {
    s = arr$[i$];
}
arr$= null;
s = null;

我们的想法是将由javac创建的引用类型的任何合成变量设置为null以转换循环.如果我们讨论的是基本类型的数组,那么编译器不会生成对null的最后一次赋值.该错误已在repo JDK repo中修复

标签:java,for-loop,garbage-collection,memory-management,iterator
来源: https://codeday.me/bug/20191001/1837433.html

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